Capsaicin

Capsaicin is the component discovered in different kinds of hot peppers, such as cayenne peppers, that makes the peppers spicy hot. You can consume it in raw or cooked peppers or as a dried powder, which you can add to food or beverages. It likewise is readily available as a dietary supplement, in topical creams that you apply to your skin, or in a prescription skin patch. [2]

History

Capsaicin is a lipophilic substance that can be discovered in different concentrations in peppers that are described as hot, such as habanero, jalapeño, and scorpion. It is a substance that produces a burning sensation in any tissue it enters contact with. So, the more capsaicin in the pepper, the more the heat gets shown up.

Let’s enter some history. Capsaicin was first drawn out in 1816 by christian fridrich. Additional work by john clough thresh caused its calling in 1876, however it wasn ´ t till 1898 that karl micko separated the compound in pure crystalline form. A century later, in 1997, david julius discovered and cloned the cellular receptor for capsaicin, and brought a new level of understanding on how capsaicin works. We ´ ll get more into this science in the 2nd part of this blog site.

Capsaicin has been used extensively in all types of markets. We enjoy to use it to enliven our palate, but we also use it in the military, pharmaceutical, and many other markets. We are constantly establishing brand-new uses, due to its terrific flexibility. [3]

Natural function

Capsaicin exists in large quantities in the placental tissue (which holds the seeds), the internal membranes and, to a lesser level, the other fleshy parts of the fruits of plants in the genus capsicum. The seeds themselves do not produce any capsaicin, although the greatest concentration of capsaicin can be found in the white pith of the inner wall, where the seeds are connected.

The seeds of capsicum plants are dispersed mainly by birds. In birds, the trpv1 channel does not respond to capsaicin or related chemicals (avian vs. Mammalian trpv1 reveal functional diversity and selective sensitivity). This is beneficial to the plant, as chili pepper seeds consumed by birds travel through the digestion system and can sprout later on, whereas mammals have molar teeth which damage such seeds and prevent them from germinating. Hence, natural selection may have led to increasing capsaicin production since it makes the plant less likely to be eaten by animals that do not help it distribute. There is likewise evidence that capsaicin might have evolved as an anti-fungal representative. The fungal pathogen fusarium, which is understood to contaminate wild chilies and therefore lower seed viability, is prevented by capsaicin, which therefore restricts this kind of predispersal seed mortality.

The vanillotoxin-containing venom of a certain tarantula types (psalmopoeus cambridgei, also known as the trinidad chevron tarantula) triggers the same pathway of pain as is activated by capsaicin, an example of a shared path in both plant and animal anti-mammalian defense. [4]

System of action

Capsaicin has actually been revealed to decrease the amount of substance p connected with inflammation – however this is not believed to be its primary system in the relief of discomfort 4. Capsaicin’s mechanism of action is attributed to “defunctionalization” of nociceptor fibers by causing a topical hypersensitivity response on the skin. This modification in pain mechanisms is because of a number of the following: short-lived loss of membrane capacity, failure to transport neurotrophic aspects causing transformed phenotype, and reversible retraction of epidermal and dermal nerve fiber terminals.

Metabolism

Capsaicin metabolism after oral administration is uncertain, however it is expected to undergo metabolism in the liver with minimal metabolism in the gut lumen. In vitro research studies with human hepatic microsomes and s9 fragments show that capsaicin is quickly metabolized, producing three major metabolites, 16-hydroxycapsaicin, 17-hydroxycapsaicin, and 16,17-hydroxycapsaicin, whereas vanillin was a small metabolite 4. It is proposed that cytochrome p450 (p450) enzymes may play some role in hepatic drug metabolic process 4. In vitro research studies of capsaicin in human skin recommend sluggish biotransformation with many capsaicin staying the same. [5]

Nutritional info

Chili peppers are exceptional sources of plant compounds called phytochemicals, much of which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory residential or commercial properties.

Although scientists do not view phytochemicals as essential nutrients, as they do vitamins and minerals, the compounds might be important for defense versus cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Phytochemicals in chili peppers consist of capsaicinoids, such as capsaicin, which is the primary active component. It produces the characteristic pungency and hot taste that lots of plants in the genus have. Other capsicum phytochemicals consist of:.

• Anthocyanins
• Flavonoids
• Phenolic acids
• Carotenoids such as lutein, lycopene, and zeazanthin

Extra nutrients in capsicum include:.

Vitamin, such as:.

• Vitamin bs
• Vitamin c, which is high in red peppers
• Vitamin e, which is high in dried chili peppers

Fiber minerals such as:.

• Iron
• Calcium
• Copper
• Manganese
• Molybdenum
• Amino acids such as:
• Tryptophan
• Phenylalanine
• Lysine [6]

9 foods high in capsaicin that kick up the heat

Carolina reaper: 2,009,000 scoville heat units (shu)

The most popular pepper on the planet is the carolina reaper. It was made in south carolina by crossing a pakistani naga pepper with a red habanero from the west indies.

This wicked pepper’s heat level is at 2,009,000 shu, according to the university of florida institute of food and agricultural sciences.

Ghost pepper: 1,041,427 shu

Ghost peppers, also called bhut jolokia, were when the most popular and most capsaicin-rich foods worldwide, with 1,041,427 shu. They even set a guinness world record in 2007 for being the most popular peppers.

Ever since, even hotter peppers have emerged– the carolina reaper has double the heat.

Habanero: 100,000 to 350,000 shu

A little more bearable, habanero peppers have 100,000 to 350,000 shu, so you’ll get lots of the advantages of capsaicin. These peppers are abundant in antioxidants thanks to the phytochemicals they consist of, like carotenoids and phenols, according to a february 2014 research study in the scientific world journal.

Habaneros are generally yellow, orange and red and are characterized by a fruity and flower aroma. Attempt including them to these protein-packed chili recipes for an extra kick.

Thai pepper: 50,000 to 100,000 shu

Thai peppers measure at 50,000 to 100,000 shu. Their variety of capsaicin and heat capability differs because of the wide array of thai peppers that exist.

Thai peppers are typically ground into chili flakes or chili powders. However they’re likewise used to make curry paste and thai curry dishes.

Cayenne: 25,000 to 50,000 shu

Cayenne pepper is a capsaicin-rich food that packs some severe heat, with 25,000 to 50,000 shu. This spicy red pepper is frequently dried and become a powder or flakes. Don’t error it with chili powder, which is generally a blend and a lot less spicy, clocking in at 500 to 1,500 shu.

Tabasco: 30,000 to 50,000 shu

Capsaicin-rich tabasco peppers beside tabasco sauce in a bottle.

Tabasco sauce is made from tabasco peppers however has a lot less capsaicin than its initial pepper form.

Ah, tabasco peppers– not to be confused with tabasco-brand hot sauce. One of the primary differences in between the two is their capsaicin content and scoville ranking. Tabasco peppers have 30,000 to 50,000 shu, while tabasco red sauce only has 2,500 to 5,000 shu.

Serrano: 10,000 to 25,000 shu

Serrano peppers appear similar to jalapenos but are somewhat thinner and shorter. But, what serranos do not have in size, they make up for in heat (and capsaicin), with 10,000 to 25,000 shu. Because of their intense, spicy taste, these peppers are frequently used in hot sauces, garnishes and salsas.

Include serrano pepper to these breakfast frying pan recipes to spice up your early morning.

Jalapeno: 2,000 to 8,000 shu

Jalapenos are little to medium-sized peppers that are popular all over the world. They have a bite, thanks to 2,000 to 8,000 shu, however they’re much milder than habanero and cayenne peppers.

Jalapenos are also a great source of anti-oxidants like vitamin c, providing 18 percent of the day-to-day worth, per the usda. Try them in these comfortable jalapeno supper dishes.

Poblano pepper: 1,000 to 2,000 shu

Poblanos are moderate, large green peppers which contain much less capsaicin than the other foods on the list, with only 1,000 to 2,000 shu. These peppers lack the intense heat of the other peppers on this list, making them a simple addition to your diet plan if you’re not a spice fanatic.

Poblanos are a staple in mexican cuisine. They are frequently roasted and stuffed with meat or beans. Poblanos can also be dried to make ancho chilies and after that used to make tasty mole sauces. [7]

Uses

Food

Because of the burning experience caused by capsaicin when it is available in contact with mucous membranes, it is typically utilized in food products to provide additional spiciness or “heat” (piquancy), typically in the form of spices such as chili powder and paprika. In high concentrations, capsaicin will also trigger a burning result on other delicate areas, such as skin or eyes. The degree of heat found within a food is frequently measured on the scoville scale.

There has long been a demand for capsaicin-spiced items like chili pepper, and hot sauces such as tabasco sauce and mexican salsa. It prevails for individuals to experience pleasurable and even blissful results from consuming capsaicin. Folklore among self-described “chiliheads” associate this to pain-stimulated release of endorphins, a various system from the local receptor overload that makes capsaicin effective as a topical analgesic.

Research and pharmaceutical usage

Capsaicin is used as an analgesic in topical ointments and dermal spots to eliminate pain, normally in concentrations between 0.025% and 0.1%. It may be used in cream kind for the short-term relief of minor pains and pains of muscles and joints connected with arthritis, backache, strains and sprains, frequently in compounds with other rubefacients.

It is also utilized to minimize the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, such as post-herpetic neuralgia triggered by shingles. A capsaicin transdermal spot (qutenza) for the management of this specific therapeutic sign (discomfort due to post-herpetic neuralgia) was approved in 2009, as a restorative by both the u.s. Food and drug administration (fda) and the european union. A subsequent application to the fda for qutenza to be utilized as an analgesic in hiv neuralgia was declined. One 2017 evaluation of clinical research studies having actually limited quality found that high-dose topical capsaicin (8%) compared to control (0.4% capsaicin) supplied moderate to substantial pain remedy for post-herpetic neuralgia, hiv-neuropathy, and diabetic neuropathy.

Although capsaicin creams have actually been used to deal with psoriasis for reduction of itching, a review of 6 clinical trials involving topical capsaicin for treatment of pruritus concluded there was insufficient evidence of impact. Capsaicin reduces ldl cholesterol levels moderately.

There is insufficient medical proof to figure out the function of ingested capsaicin on numerous human disorders, consisting of obesity, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Pepper spray and bugs

Capsaicinoids are also an active ingredient in riot control and individual defense pepper spray agents. When the spray comes in contact with skin, specifically eyes or mucous membranes, it produces discomfort and breathing problem in the affected person.

Capsaicin is likewise used to hinder bugs, specifically mammalian insects. Targets of capsaicin repellants include voles, deer, bunnies, squirrels, bears, bugs, and attacking dogs. Ground or crushed dried chili pods may be utilized in birdseed to hinder rodents, benefiting from the insensitivity of birds to capsaicin. The elephant pepper advancement trust declares that utilizing chili peppers as a barrier crop can be a sustainable ways for rural african farmers to hinder elephants from consuming their crops.

An article released in the journal of environmental science and health part b in 2006 states that “although hot chili pepper extract is frequently used as an element of family and garden insect-repellent formulas, it is not clear that the capsaicinoid aspects of the extract are accountable for its repellency.”.

The very first pesticide product utilizing solely capsaicin as the active ingredient was signed up with the u.s. Department of farming in 1962.

Equestrian sports

Capsaicin is a banned compound in equestrian sports because of its hypersensitizing and pain-relieving residential or commercial properties. At the program leaping events of the 2008 summer olympics, four horses tested positive for capsaicin, which resulted in disqualification. [8]

Health advantages

Might be helpful in treating cancer

Of the many benefits consuming capsaicin has to use, few have actually been evaluated as much as its effective effect against cancer.

For example, numerous research studies reveal capsaicin can effectively fight prostate cancer, including a 2006 research study at the ucla school of medication, specifying it has a “extensive antiproliferative result” on this kind of cancer. Researchers discovered that taking capsaicin orally substantially stopped the spread of prostate cancer cells as well as caused apoptosis (cell death) in more than one kind of prostate cancer cell.

In a gerbil research study, scientists also discovered capsaicin to be effective versus h. Pylori-induced gastritis, an infection of the stomach lining brought on by a bacteria penetrating the inner mucous layer. This condition is of particular issue in establishing countries where living conditions are likewise cramped, where the h. Pylori bacteria is most typical. Capsaicin, together with piperine, in this research study acted by reducing inflammation brought on by the infection, and it was figured out, therefore, to be an useful way to possibly prevent the next step in this bacterial infection: stomach cancer.

Another kind of cancer capsaicin might work in fighting is breast cancer, the second most fatal cancer in women. For a long time, it’s been clear that capsaicin has the ability to induce apoptosis in particular breast cancer cells, however another breakthrough study was launched in south korea in late 2015 that discovered capsaicin might likewise assist eliminate an extra kind of cell: breast cancer stem cells.

This discovery is especially important since the stem cells that stay after the other cancer cells have actually died are the ones responsible for reoccurrences of the disease.

Capsaicin has actually been looked into at length in conjunction with its effect on primary effusion lymphoma (pel). This form of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma is a rare one associated with hiv. There’s also some research study suggesting that capsaicin can assist reduce the size and frequency of specific lung tumors.

In general, research study abounds with the truth that treatment with capsaicin, along with other useful dietary tools, is an astonishing possible treatment for cancers of lots of kinds. It’s been found to have favorable effects on shrinking tumors, avoiding transition (brand-new growths discovered far from the initial cancer site), triggering apoptosis in various cancer models and even possibly avoiding cancer from taking place in the first place.

Surprisingly, capsaicin also has a cancer-related benefit outside of cancer cells. It’s likewise offered in cream form that’s used for a range of disorders, including mouth sores that are common adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation treatment.

Reduces incidence of cluster headaches

Utilizing capsaicin is a typical discomfort relief strategy, which i go over in more detail listed below. One specific discomfort treatment that typically consists of the cream kind of this natural painkiller is the treatment of cluster headaches. Different from migraine or stress headaches, these recurring, specific headaches are explained by a lot of as the worst discomfort they have ever experienced, with some females even comparing it to the discomfort of childbirth.

While they’re uncommon, cluster headaches are debilitating and can last for six to 12 weeks. There are lots of lifestyle and dietary options that work in treating them, consisting of the application of capsaicin cream to the inside of a nostril on the side of your head suffering the headache. By repeatedly applying the cream, subjects found the frequency of their headaches decreased for approximately 60 days after ending this treatment option in a research study conducted by the institute of internal medication and clinical pharmacology at the university of florence, italy.

Eliminates pain

Capsaicin is a commonly understood pain-relief agent. The factors for this are widely unidentified, although scientists are revealing more about the systems it utilizes to offer relief. It appears that, in big part, capsaicin offers analgesic relief by triggering the trpv1 receptor, which then triggers the brain to launch a neurotransmitter called “compound p.”.

Especially in cream kind, it’s been used for several years to deal with discomfort related to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia, along with certain type of joint pain.

More recently, researchers have been investigating an approach of injecting highly purified capsaicin into cartilage and tendons connected to a harmed rotator cuff. While this did not speed the recovery process as initially anticipated, it did significantly alter pain responses, making it an excellent candidate for pain treatment for this condition.

Treats psoriasis

In addition to dealing with pain, capsaicin has actually been long understood for its ability to deal with numerous skin problem, consisting of the dry, scratchy skin of psoriasis. Compound p appears to be an effective treatment for this condition, as research study shows that continued application of capsaicin cream reveals a drastically reduced quantity of psoriasis breakout on the skin.

Nevertheless, clients did report that the initial applications of capsaicin cream included some minor burning, itching and stinging, which went away after the first numerous applications.

Help in management of diabetes

Like many functions of healthy foods, capsaicin is really useful when intending to prevent and deal with diabetes. Consistently consuming foods high in this nutrient has actually been proven to enhance the blood sugar and insulin reactions in both males and females, and likewise in females with gestational diabetes.

An unpleasant condition connected with diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, might likewise be treated with capsaicin cream to decrease pain reactions.

Helps in weight-loss efforts

If you’re attempting to lose weight, you need to probably consider eating capsaicin-rich foods, such as chili peppers. Research has found that eating these hot foods might decrease body weight, speed metabolic process, help burn fat and reduce appetite in animals.

This might also be an advantage to those of you who combine exercise with a dietary method to weight reduction, as capsaicin usage also improves athletic performance and overall physical endurance.

How to utilize

The easiest method to introduce capsaicin into your system is by consuming foods that contain it, specifically, all pepper ranges except for the bell pepper, which contains no capsaicin due to a recessive gene it consists of. If you aren’t used to eating spicy foods, it’s important to take it gradually and begin with extremely mild varieties prior to working your method as much as that carolina reaper.

Searching for handy ways to introduce capsaicin-rich peppers into your regimen? Attempt this lamb burgers dish we developed that is moderate enough for kids, although it includes a jalapeno. Commemorating a big video game with buddies? Help them find capsaicin’s advantages, too, by making these gluten-free buffalo chicken tenders with cayenne powder.

You might also acquire capsaicin in supplement type, often referred to as “cayenne powder pills,” or in the form of a cream. In the latter type, specifically, you’ll have the ability to enjoy its external advantages, such as dealing with psoriasis, as well as some discomfort benefits, like dealing with cluster headaches and easing joint and muscle discomfort. [9]

Precautions and negative effects

While capsaicin supplements are usually recognized as safe, you must take a couple of preventative measures.

May cause a burning sensation

Among the most typical side effects of capsaicin supplements is a burning result throughout your digestion system.

For those with acid reflux or heartburn, capsaicin-containing foods or supplements may increase your symptoms.

In time, your digestion tract ends up being desensitized to capsaicin’s results, lowering the uncomfortable sensation you might experience.

The best method to avoid this side effect is to take the supplement prior to a meal, as food serves as a buffer to prevent the burning experience.

May cause raised temperature level

Capsaicin supplements may raise your body temperature level.

Due to this substance’s effect on receptors in your body that regulate heat, ingesting too much capsaicin might offer you an unpleasant sensation of heat.

While this isn’t typically harmful– and no scientific evidence recommends that it can cause a fever– some individuals might be more vulnerable to this experience than others.

In addition, there’s a possibility that capsaicin supplements may increase your high blood pressure. Thus, if you’re taking blood pressure medications, it is essential to check with your doctor before taking this supplement.

To avoid these negative effects, begin with a low dosage and slowly increase it up until you reach your preferred amount.

Summary

Capsaicin supplements are generally safe, however you need to know that they may irritate your gastrointestinal tract and raise your body temperature level. [10]

Capsaicin cream

This medication is used to deal with minor aches and pains of the muscles/joints (such as arthritis, backache, sprains). Capsaicin works by decreasing a certain natural compound in your body (compound p) that helps pass discomfort signals to the brain.

How to use capsaicin cream?

Utilize this medication on the skin just. Follow all instructions on the product package. If you have any questions, ask your physician or pharmacist.

For the cream, gel, and lotion kinds, use a thin layer of medication to the affected area and rub in carefully and completely. You might want to utilize a cotton ball/swab or latex glove to apply the medication to prevent touching the medication with your hands.

Do not apply the medication in the eyes, mouth, nostrils, or genitals. If you do get the medication in those areas, flush with plenty of water. Likewise, do not use this medication to skin that is hurt or inflamed (for example, cut, scraped, sunburned).

Do not use this medication instantly before or after activities such as bathing, swimming, sun bathing, or heavy exercise. Do not plaster or cover the afflicted location or utilize a heating pad on that area. Doing so may increase the danger of side effects.

After applying the medication, clean your hands unless you are utilizing this medication to treat the hands. If dealing with the hands, wait at least thirty minutes after using the medication to clean your hands.

Utilize this medication regularly to get the most gain from it. To help you keep in mind, utilize it at the same times each day.

This medication might in some cases use up to 2 months to work. Inform your doctor if your condition lasts for more than 7 days, if it gets worse, or if it keeps returning. If you believe you may have a major medical problem, seek instant medical attention. [11]

Negative effects

In addition to its necessary impacts, a medication might trigger some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects might occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.

Consult your physician immediately if any of the following negative effects occur:.

More typical – all forms

Burning, itching, dryness, pain, redness, swelling, or soreness at the application site.

Less typical – all kinds

• Body aches or discomfort
• Chills
• Cough
• Trouble with breathing
• Dry or efficient cough
• Ear congestion
• Fever
• Headache
• Loss of voice
• Sneezing
• Sore throat
• Stuffy or runny nose
• Tightness in the chest
• Uncommon tiredness or weakness
• Less common – spot just
• Blurred vision
• Breakdown of the skin
• Lightheadedness
• Nervousness
• Pain in the arms or legs
• Pounding in the ears
• Sluggish or quick heartbeat
• Occurrence not known – spot only
• Bloating or swelling of the face, arms, hands, lower legs, or feet
• Burning, crawling, itching, pins and needles, tingling, “pins and needles”, or tingling sensations
• Eye inflammation or discomfort
• Increased sensitivity to pain or touch
• Scarring of the skin
• Stabbing discomfort
• Throat irritation
• Uncommon weight gain or loss

Some side effects may happen that usually do not need medical attention. These adverse effects might disappear throughout treatment as your body adapts to the medication. Likewise, your health care professional might have the ability to inform you about methods to prevent or minimize a few of these side effects. Consult your healthcare expert if any of the following side effects continue or are annoying or if you have any questions about them:.

Less common – patch only

• Muscle pains
• Queasiness
• Pain or inflammation around the eyes and cheekbones
• Throwing up
• Incidence not known – spot only
• Abnormal skin smell
• Modification in or loss of taste

Opposite results not listed may also happen in some patients. If you see any other effects, check with your healthcare expert. [12]

Dosages of capsaicin

Dosage types and strengths.

Topical cream

• 025%
• 035%
• 075%
• 1%

Topical gel

• 025%

Topical liquid

• 025%

Dosage factors to consider– need to be offered as follows:.

Skeletomuscular discomfort

Apply to affected area 3 or 4 times daily for 3-4 successive weeks and evaluate efficacy; effectiveness decreased if utilized less than 3 times daily; not to surpass 4 applications/day; wash hands with soap and water after using.

Diabetic neuropathy (off-label)

Cream: apply to afflicted area three or 4 times daily for 3-4 successive weeks and evaluate effectiveness; not to go beyond 4 applications/day; wash hands with soap and water after applying. [13]

Capsaicin fascinating realities

• Chili peppers have actually been around for quite some time, however the active “spicy” part of capsaicin wasn’t isolated till 1846, when a male called j.c. Thresh identified it and offered it the name “capsaicin.” An impure form of the compound had actually been drawn out from peppers in 1819 by christian friedrich bucholz, who provided it the now antiquated named “capsicim,” after the capsicum kind from which it was taken.
• A century after its preliminary discovery, its chemical structure was taped in 1919 by e.k. Nelson and produced in artificial type in 1930 by e. Spath and f.s. Darling.
• Prior to its conversion to a cream type, native americans had been rubbing their gums with peppers to eliminate toothaches, which was a practice adopted by the europeans.
• A fascinating feature of the spicy peppers including capsaicin appears to be that this nutrient came out of an evolutionary requirement for pepper plants to secure themselves. They established quite the creative technique– capsaicin is a deterrent to mammals who would ruin the seeds within the pepper plant, but birds are immune to it. Because they aren’t troubled by the heat of the plant, birds swallow the seeds of numerous pepper plants entire and help perpetuate their development.
• The presence of capsaicin in spicy peppers determines their “heat” according to the scoville scale, a measurement in scoville heat units (shu) to recognize different peppers. For instance, banana peppers score in between 100– 1,000 on the scale, the habanero pepper ranks at 100,000– 350,000, and the top 10 most popular peppers on the planet variety from the mid-250,000 s to a blazing 2.2 million.
• Ranking no. 1 on the list is the carolina reaper, a cultivar of capsicum chinense grown in fort mill, s.c. The official record, according to guinness world records, has a rating of 1.569 million shu, although it unofficially has been recorded at 2.2 million shu. [14]

Conclusion

Capsaicin, the compound in hot peppers that triggers their infamous burning feeling, might use many advantages when taken as a supplement.

Studies suggest that it promotes weight-loss, lowers swelling, and– when applied topically– alleviates discomfort.

You ought to begin with a low dose and talk to your healthcare provider prior to supplementing to reduce your threat of side effects. [15]

Referrals

1. Https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capsaicin
2. Https://wa.kaiserpermanente.org/kbase/topic.jhtml?Docid=ut1025spec
3. Https://www.uchuspice.com/blog/capsaicin-the-science-of-spice
4. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/capsaicin#natural_function
5. Https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/db06774
6. Https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/capsicum#nutrition
7. Https://www.livestrong.com/article/408453-foods-that-have-capsaicin/
8. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/capsaicin#uses
9. Https://draxe.com/nutrition/capsaicin/#health_benefits
10. Https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/capsaicin-supplement#precautions-side-effects
11. Https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-4181/capsaicin-topical/details
12. Https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/capsaicin-topical-route/side-effects/drg-20062561
13. Https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_capsaicin/drugs-condition.htm
14. Https://draxe.com/nutrition/capsaicin/#capsaicin_interesting_facts
15. Https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/capsaicin-supplement#bottom-line