Vitamin D

A nutrient that the body requires in percentages to operate and remain healthy. Vitamin D assists the body use calcium and phosphorus to make strong bones and teeth. It is fat-soluble (can liquify in fats and oils) and is found in fatty fish, egg yolks, and dairy items. Skin exposed to sunshine can also make Vitamin D. Inadequate Vitamin D can trigger a bone disease called rickets. It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some kinds of cancer. Likewise called cholecalciferol. (1 )

Overview

Vitamin D is a necessary nutrient and hormonal agent with several functions in the body including bone health, guideline of serum calcium and phosphate levels, in addition to functions in immune function, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Appropriately, Vitamin D shortage has been associated with a variety of health outcomes such as bone disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmune and transmittable illness. Research has relied on examining whether particular genetic variants in Vitamin D metabolism are associated with Vitamin D status or Vitamin D– associated health outcomes. Notably, not least because of advances in technology and approach, a number of massive genetic association research studies or prospect gene research studies investigated associations in between the Vitamin D-related genes dhcr7, nadsyn1, gc, cyp2r1, cyp27b1, and cyp24a1, and Vitamin D receptor and serum levels of Vitamin D.

Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin, and it assists to help with intestinal ca++ absorption. Ergosterol, which occurs in plants, is a Vitamin D precursor. The active form of Vitamin D (1,25( oh) 2d) is a steroid hormonal agent. Kidney activation of Vitamin D is controlled by several endocrine factors. Liver and/or kidney disease can result in a 1,25( oh) 2d shortage. Parathyroid hormonal agent deficiency can be dealt with through Vitamin D supplementation. Cholecalciferol rodenticide poisoning can trigger signs of Vitamin D toxicity. Glucocorticoids and calcitonin can be utilized to reverse symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity. (2 ).

History

The contemporary history of Vitamin D began in the mid-1800s, when it was discovered that city kids were more likely to have rickets than rural children. Half a century later on, palm reported that kids raised in warm climates practically never ever developed rickets. Mccollum separated Vitamin D, and windaus its precursors, receiving the nobel prize. Other researchers later on observed that people with skin cancer had lower prevalence of nonskin cancers, which lower overall death rates from all internal cancers integrated existed in sunnier areas. These observations went mainly unnoticed, and the field stagnated till 1970, when maps were produced of cancer death rates. Through study of these maps, cedric and frank garland of johns hopkins university reported a strong latitudinal gradient for colon cancer mortality rates in 1980, and hypothesized that greater levels of Vitamin D substances in the serum of individuals in the south were accountable, which calcium intake also would decrease occurrence. Edward gorham and colleagues carried out cohort and nested research studies, consisting of the first research study that found an association of a serum Vitamin D substance with lowered cancer threat. William b. Grant then brought outnumerous ecologic research studies that extended the Vitamin D-cancer theory to other cancers. (3 ).

Working mechanism

Vitamin D is brought by means of the blood to the liver, where it is converted into the prohormone calcifediol. Distributing calcifediol may then be converted into calcitriol– the biologically active type of Vitamin D– in the kidneys.

Whether manufactured in the skin or consumed, Vitamin D is hydroxylated in the liver at position 25 (upper right of the particle) to form 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol or 25( oh) d). This response is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, the item of the cyp2r1 human gene, and revealed by hepatocytes. As soon as made, the product is released into the plasma, where it is bound to an α-globulin carrier protein called the Vitamin D-binding protein.

Calcifediol is transferred to the proximal tubules of the kidneys, where it is hydroxylated at the 1-α position (lower right of the particle) to form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25( oh) 2d). The conversion of calcifediol to calcitriol is catalyzed by the enzyme 25-hydroxyVitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase, which is the product of the cyp27b1 human gene. The activity of cyp27b1 is increased by parathyroid hormonal agent, and also by low calcium or phosphate.

Following the final transforming step in the kidney, calcitriol is released into the flow. By binding to Vitamin D-binding protein, calcitriol is transferred throughout the body, consisting of to the intestinal tract, kidneys, and bones. Calcitriol is the most potent natural ligand of the Vitamin D receptor, which moderates most of the physiological actions of Vitamin D.

In addition to the kidneys, calcitriol is likewise synthesized by specific other cells, consisting of monocyte-macrophages in the immune system. When manufactured by monocyte-macrophages, calcitriol acts locally as a cytokine, modulating body defenses against microbial invaders by stimulating the inherent immune system.

Inactivation

The activity of calcifediol and calcitriol can be reduced by hydroxylation at position 24 by Vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase, forming secalciferol and calcitetrol, respectively.

Distinction between substrates

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) share a comparable system of action as detailed above. Metabolites produced by Vitamin D2 are called with an er- or ergo- prefix to distinguish them from the d3-based equivalents (sometimes with a chole- prefix).

Metabolites produced from Vitamin D2 tend to bind less well to the Vitamin D-binding protein.

Vitamin D3 can alternatively be hydroxylated to calcifediol by sterol 27-hydroxylase (cyp27a1), however Vitamin D2 can not.

Ergocalciferol can be straight hydroxylated at position 24 by cyp27a1. This hydroxylation likewise results in a higher degree of inactivation: the activity of calcitriol reduces to 60% of initial after 24-hydroxylation, whereas ercalcitriol goes through a 10-fold reduction in activity on conversion to ercalcitetrol.

It is disputed whether these differences lead to a measurable drop in effectiveness.

Intracellular systems

Calcitriol gets in the target cell and binds to the Vitamin D receptor in the cytoplasm. This activated receptor enters the nucleus and binds to Vitamin D response elements (vdre) which are specific dna sequences on genes. Transcription of these genes is promoted and produces greater levels of the proteins which moderate the results of Vitamin D.

Some reactions of the cell to calcitriol appear to be too quick for the classical vdre transcription pathway, causing the discovery of various non-genomic actions of Vitamin D. The membrane-bound pdia3 most likely serves as an alternate receptor in this path. The classical vdr may still contribute. (4 ).

Benefits of Vitamin D

Vitamin D– nicknamed the “sunshine vitamin” due to its ability to be soaked up by the body through sunlight– is a major player in keeping the body healthy. Its primary task, according to the nationwide institutes of health’s workplace of dietary supplements, is to promote calcium absorption, making it required for bone growth and bone remodeling (when fully grown bone tissue is removed and brand-new bone tissue is formed). Because of that, an absence of Vitamin D can lead to thin, fragile, or misshapen bones. However Vitamin D uses a series of other advantages too, varying from positives for both physical and psychological health. Here are 9 Vitamin D benefits you need to learn about– including ways to get more of the vitamin in your everyday diet.

Vitamin D strengthens your bones

Vitamin D is famous for its bone-building and strengthening powers. “Vitamin D promotes absorption of calcium in your gut, which ultimately permits regular mineralization of your bones,” jackie newgent, rdn, culinary nutritionist and author of the tidy & basic diabetes cookbook, informs health. Essentially, the calcium that benefits your bones would not have the ability to do its task without Vitamin D. “you need Vitamin D for bone development– and to prevent bones from ending up being breakable.” when teamed with calcium, it can help avoid osteoporosis, an illness that signifies that the density and quality of bone are reduced, she includes.

Vitamin D can help strengthen muscles

Together with its bone-building capabilities, Vitamin D is also influential in reinforcing muscles. “lack of Vitamin D in the body can increase the threat of having weak muscles, which in turn increases the danger of falls,” lana nasrallah, miles per hour, rd, clinical dietician at unc health, informs health. This is specifically important for the elderly. “Vitamin D may help increase muscle strength hence preventing falls, which is a common issue that causes considerable special needs and death in older adults.”.

Vitamin D can support the body immune system and battle swelling

Dr. Nasrallah includes that Vitamin D can likewise help develop immunity. “it can support the immune system by battling harmful germs and infections,” she states. In fact, this role in perhaps avoiding infections has ended up being a critical concern throughout covid-19 pandemic, as researchers are interested in its possible role in infection results. “there is particular interest in its function in viral infections such as influenza and coronavirus,” barry boyd, md, rdn, a yale medicine hematologist, oncologist, and nutritional expert, informs health. He points to a 2017 bmj analysis of 25 randomized control trials comparing Vitamin D supplements to placebos, which discovered that Vitamin D minimized the danger of severe respiratory infection.

With either day-to-day or weekly Vitamin D supplementation, particularly in people who lacked it. “studies suggest that high latitudes and winter are danger elements for both low Vitamin D, increased influenza, and other breathing illness and adverse results,” he says. “we now are seeing a comparable pattern with higher death rates in covid-19 infections,” though more research still needs to be done to figure out whether the link is causal or merely a correlation.

Vitamin D can assist reinforce oral health

Due to the fact that Vitamin D assists our body take in calcium, it plays an essential role in supporting oral health, reducing the danger of tooth decay and gum disease. A 2011 review in the journal of the tennessee dental association notes that while the research study is scant, there’s an “emerging hypothesis” that the vitamin is helpful for oral health, due to its impact on bone metabolic process and “its capability to operate as an anti-inflammatory representative and stimulate the production of anti-microbial peptides.”.

Vitamin D can assist avoid type 1 and type 2 diabetes

While studies are not conclusive, Vitamin D might be useful for preventing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, says newgent. One such study, released in 2006 in the journal diabetes care, discovered that while Vitamin D on its own did not efficiently lower the risk of a surplus of sugar in the blood, a combined day-to-day intake of >> 1,200 mg calcium and >> 800 iu Vitamin D might effectively lower the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Vitamin D can help treat high blood pressure

According to a 2019 review published in the journal existing protein & peptide science suggests that Vitamin D might contribute in treatment of high blood pressure– among the markers of cardiovascular disease– says newgent. According to authors of the evaluation, “even short-term Vitamin D shortage might directly raise bp [blood pressure] and promote target organ damage.” the scientists went on to add that, “due to the high correlation between Vitamin D and high blood pressure, Vitamin D supplements treatment might be a new insight in the treatment of high blood pressure.”.

Vitamin D can assist you slim down

Dr. Boyd explains that obesity is a recognized threat factor for low Vitamin D levels– which suggests more Vitamin D may assist with weight-loss. One 2009 research study in the british journal of nutrition discovered that, in obese or obese women with low calcium levels, those who took a daily dosage of calcium coupled with Vitamin D were more effective shedding pounds than those who took a placebo supplement, due to an “appetite-suppressing result” of the mix.

Vitamin D can help fight depression

The sun can cheer up your mood, and so can Vitamin D. According to a 2017 review article in the journal neuropsychology, researchers found “a substantial relationship between anxiety and Vitamin D deficiency.” while they acknowledged that more research study is needed to define the exact operations of it– such as, if low Vitamin D levels are a cause or result of depression– the authors recommend “evaluating for and treating Vitamin D deficiency in topics with depression” keeping in mind that it is an “easy, cost-effective and might improve depression outcome.”.

Vitamin D may help reduce the risk of specific cancers

Dr. Boyd points to numerous research studies– most of which are referenced on the national cancer institute’s (nci) website– that provide some evidence that Vitamin D may have cancer combating powers. “evidence.

Is increasing that Vitamin D supplements might enhance cancer results,” he describes. The cancers for which the most human information are offered are colorectal, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancer.

The nci specifically calls out a few reasons why scientists have an interest in a link in between Vitamin D and a reduced threat of cancer. The organization explains that some research reveals that incidence and death rates for certain cancers were lower amongst people residing in southern latitudes, where levels of sunshine direct exposure are relatively high, than amongst those living at northern latitudes, though additional research requires to be done to find a particular causal or correlational link between more sunshine direct exposure and a lower risk of cancer. More experimental evidence, per the nci, reveals, that cancer cells and of tumors in mice, Vitamin D has been discovered to have a number of activities that may slow or prevent the advancement of cancer cells and tumors in mice, consisting of promoting cellular distinction, decreasing cancer cell growth, stimulating cell death (apoptosis), and lowering tumor blood vessel formation (angiogenesis). (5 ).

Benefits of Vitamin D for males

There are a variety of Vitamin D benefits for males. Recently, Vitamin D has actually been the subject of much clinical research study. Research reveals that Vitamin D is not simply crucial for bone health. this crucial nutrient also plays a role in supporting healthy muscle development, testosterone levels, and psychological health. In this article, we offer details about Vitamin D and share three surprising Vitamin D advantages for guys.

Vitamin D is essential for muscle development.

Vitamin D plays a vital function in the development of skeletal muscle, which is the muscle attached to bones that assist move the body. Adequate Vitamin D is also critical in enhancing muscle strength and performance.

Even elite professional athletes can take advantage of appropriate Vitamin D levels. In one study, researchers looked at the Vitamin D blood levels of more than 200 college football athletes. Nearly 60% of these athletes had unusual Vitamin D levels, while 10% had a severe shortage. Those professional athletes with lower levels of Vitamin D had a greater prevalence of muscle pressure and core muscle injury. Adequate levels of Vitamin D are necessary for top-level athletes and weekend warriors alike to enhance muscle strength.

Vitamin D supplementation may improve testosterone levels.

The male reproductive system is known as a target location for Vitamin D. Testosterone( a male hormone) plays an essential function in bone mass, muscle strength, fat distribution, and even libido. One study found that men taking Vitamin D supplements had greater testosterone levels than the placebo group.

Vitamin D supplementation might enhance state of mind.

Evidence for a link between Vitamin D shortage and mental health is growing. Vitamin D receptors are widespread in the brain, consisting of the hippocampus, and it is believed that this nutrient might be a key player in our general mental wellness. (6 ).

Side effects of Vitamin D

Physicians tend to consider Vitamin D levels to be adequate if there are at least 20 nanograms (ng) of the vitamin per milliliter (ml) of blood. If levels rise above 50 ng/ml, an individual might experience unfavorable adverse effects.

Nevertheless, most research shows that the toxicity threshold for Vitamin D is relatively high, around 200– 240 ng/ml.

An individual with levels of Vitamin D in this variety usually takes in between 10,000 and 40,000 international units (ius) of the vitamin each day.

Below are some of the most major negative effects associated with overexposure to Vitamin D.

Hypercalcemia

Most of the considerable side effects related to Vitamin D toxicity relate to hypercalcemia.

Hypercalcemia is an excess of calcium in the blood. This happens when there are more than 10,4000 ng/ml of calcium in the blood.

Scientists often mention this limit as 10.4 milligrams (mg) of calcium per deciliter of blood or as 0.104 mg/ml.

There is a strong relationship between Vitamin D and calcium. When there are high levels of Vitamin D metabolites in the blood, this increases the quantity of calcium that the intestinal tracts absorb.

High levels of Vitamin D metabolites can likewise promote the release of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream.

Having excessive calcium in the blood can lead to a wide variety of issues and symptoms. Some of the most serious include:.

• An anorexia nervosa
• Diarrhea and irregularity
• Confusion, disorientation, or trouble believing
• Queasiness and throwing up
• Joint and muscle discomfort
• Constant headaches
• Irritability and stress and anxiety
• Inexplicable fatigue
• Muscle weakness
• Increased thirst and more regular urination
• An irregular heart beat
• Lowered reflexes
• A metallic taste in the mouth
• High blood pressure

Kidney damage

Excess calcium in the blood stream can bind with phosphate and type crystals that deposit in soft body tissues.

These crystals can trigger tissue damage and eventually organ damage, depending upon their place, number, and size.

The kidney is particularly susceptible to calcium deposits because of its role as a filter and its lots of little passages.

When calcium deposits get stuck in kidney tissues, nephrocalcinosis can occur. If this condition is extreme, it can cause permanent kidney damage and, eventually, kidney failure.

Symptoms of nephrocalcinosis include:.

• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever and chills
• Extreme discomfort in the stomach, the sides of the back, or the groin location, consisting of the testicles in guys

Irregular heart beat and cardiovascular disease

Severe hypercalcemia can minimize or alter the capability of the heart’s cells to function, and people with severe hypercalcemia frequently experience irregularities in the heart beat.

A person with seriously high levels of calcium or phosphate in the blood might likewise develop calcium deposits, or plaques, in the arteries or valves of the heart.

In 2012, medical professionals reported the case of a 70-year-old female who received calcium injections in the equivalent of 80,000 iu/day over thirty days.

She experienced hypercalcemia and total heart obstruction, which required a long-term pacemaker.

Some signs of heart problems associated with Vitamin D toxicity consist of:.

• An irregular heartbeat, which may be temporary or continual
• Chest discomfort
• Inexplicable fatigue
• High blood pressure
• Pain when exercising
• Lightheadedness
• Chest discomfort

Breakable bones and bone pain

When there is excessive calcium distributing freely in the blood stream, the body may not have enough hormonal agents to bind the mineral to the bones successfully.

Vitamin D toxicity can cause hypercalcemia and subsequent problems with the bones. Some signs include:.

• Aching or painful bones
• Instability
• An increased rate of falling
• Bones that are prone to fracture or break
• Seriously stooped posture
• Severe back or joint pain
• Loss of height or length of limb

Dehydration

Vitamin D toxicity might trigger dehydration.

Raised levels of calcium in the blood can harm the kidney’s capability to focus urine.

This can lead to a person producing and passing unusually big quantities of urine, which is called polyuria.

Scientists are not totally sure why this takes place. One theory is that high calcium levels reduce the impacts of antidiuretic hormones.

These hormones encourage the kidneys to maintain water, and less hormonal agents may result in larger amounts of diluted urine.

When an individual passes a lot of diluted urine, they lose big quantities of water and electrolytes. For this reason, an individual with Vitamin D toxicity may be prone to dehydration.

Symptoms of moderate dehydration consist of:.

• A dry mouth and tongue
• Restlessness
• Irritability
• Sunken eyes
• Increased thirst
• Decreased urinary output
• Decreased tear production and dry eyes
• Skin that is slow to return to regular after being pinched

Severe dehydration can lead to deadly conditions. Other signs and symptoms of this condition include:.

• A weak or absent pulse
• Low high blood pressure
• Unusual fatigue
• Very little or no urine output
• Unconsciousness

Pancreatitis

Hypercalcemia can trigger severe pancreatitis, which is the term for swelling of the pancreas.

In 2017, scientists published a review of the functions and treatment of Vitamin D toxicity-induced intense kidney injury.

They studied the experiences of 19 individuals with the toxicity. Each had actually taken an average of 6,000,000 iu of the vitamin over 1– 3 months.

2 of the 19 people experienced intense pancreatitis as a problem.

Signs of pancreatitis include:.

• Upper stomach pain that extends to the back
• Nausea and vomiting
• A fast pulse
• Weight loss
• Fever

Lung damage

When high levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood bind to form crystals, these deposit in soft tissues.

The crystals are particularly likely to deposit in soft-tissue organs that act as filters, such as the lungs.

If many of these calcium salt deposits, or ectopic calcifications, are present in the lungs, they can hinder the organ’s function.

Some indications of the resulting lung damage consist of:.

• Coughing
• Problem breathing
• Chest pain (7 )

Dosing

Vitamin D is an important nutrient. Fish, eggs, and strengthened milk are good sources of Vitamin D. The quantity that needs to be taken in every day is called the suggested dietary allowance (rda). The rda is 600 iu (15 mcg) daily for individuals 1-70 years of age and 800 iu (20 mcg) daily for those 71 years and older. While pregnant and breastfeeding, the rda is 600 iu (15 mcg) daily. In children, the rda depends upon age. Vitamin D is also made in the skin after sun direct exposure. Investing 15-30 minutes in the sun each day should suffice to preserve normal Vitamin D levels for most people.

Many people must not take in more than 4000 iu daily unless under the care of a doctor. Speak with a healthcare provider to discover what dosage might be best for a specific condition. (8 ).

Interactions

Possible interactions consist of:.

• Taking Vitamin D and aluminum-containing phosphate binders, which may be used to treat high serum phosphate levels in individuals with chronic kidney illness, might cause hazardous levels of aluminum in individuals with kidney failure in the long term.
• The anticonvulsants phenobarbital and phenytoin (dilantin, phenytek) increase the breakdown of Vitamin D and decrease calcium absorption.
• Atorvastatin (lipitor). Taking Vitamin D might affect the way your body procedures this cholesterol drug.
• Calcipotriene (dovonex, sorilux). Do not take Vitamin D with this psoriasis drug. The mix might increase the danger of excessive calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia).
• Cholestyramine (prevalite). Taking Vitamin D with this cholesterol-lowering drug can decrease your absorption of Vitamin D.
• Cytochrome p-450 3a4 (cyp3a4) substrates. Usage Vitamin D cautiously if you’re taking drugs processed by these enzymes.
• Digoxin (lanoxin). Avoid taking high doses of Vitamin D with this heart medication. High dosages of Vitamin D can trigger hypercalcemia, which increases the danger of deadly heart issues with digoxin.
• Diltiazem (cardizem, tiazac, others). Prevent taking high dosages of Vitamin D with this high blood pressure drug. High doses of Vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia, which might minimize the drug’s effectiveness.
• Orlistat (xenical, alli). Taking this weight-loss drug can lower your absorption of Vitamin D.
• Thiazide diuretics. Taking these blood pressure drugs with Vitamin D increases your danger of hypercalcemia.
• Taking steroid mediations such as prednisone can lower calcium absorption and hinder your body’s processing of Vitamin D.
• Stimulant laxatives. Long-term use of high doses of stimulant laxatives can reduce Vitamin D and calcium absorption.
• Verapamil (verelan, calan sr). Taking high doses of Vitamin D with this high blood pressure drug can trigger hypercalcemia, and might also decrease the efficiency of verapamil. (9 )

Cautions

This medication consists of Vitamin D. Do not take drisdol, calciferol, cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, or ergocalciferol if you dislike Vitamin D or any components included in this drug.

Stay out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical assistance or call a toxin nerve center immediately.

Warns

• Ergocalciferol: use with caution in kidney impairment (strong care), heart problem, kidney stones, arteriosclerosis.
• Obtain serum calcium two times weekly during titration.
• Terminate if the client becomes hypercalcemic.
• The presence of tartrazine in some items might cause allergies.
• Vitamin D toxicity may last >> 2 months after treatment is stopped.
• Restrict intake in infants with idiopathic hypercalcemia.
• Concurrent use of cardiac glycosides.
• Sufficient clinical action to Vitamin D treatment depends on sufficient dietary calcium.
• Maintain typical serum phosphorous concentrations in patients dealt with for hyperphosphatemia to prevent metastatic calcification.
• When dealing with hypoparathyroidism, concomitant treatment with intravenous calcium, parathyroid hormonal agent, and/or dihydrotachysterol might likewise be needed.
• Grownups with a body mass index (bmi) greater than 30 kg/m ² are at high threat for Vitamin D shortage due to storage of Vitamin D in fat; dosages higher than advised everyday allowance may be needed however need to be carefully monitored to avoid toxicity.
• In renal problems, supplementation with ergocalciferol might be needed; display closely.
• In patients with rickets, the range in between therapeutic and toxic dosages is narrow in Vitamin D– resistant clients; adjust dose based on scientific action to avoid toxicity.

Pregnancy and lactation

Use Vitamin D with care during pregnancy if the advantages outweigh the threats. Animal research studies reveal danger and human research studies are not available, or neither animal nor human studies are done. Vitamin D is distributed into breast milk; use with care while breastfeeding. (10 ).

Conclusion

It is widely accepted that Vitamin D is important for the maintenance of skeletal health and building up evidence recommends that Vitamin D deficiency is an independent danger factor for numerous extra-skeletal diseases including cancer. Whether Vitamin D is just a marker of risk or has in fact some beneficial effects on non-skeletal illness stays to be illuminated. Therefore, existing suggestions concerning preventive medicine needs to be based upon skeletal impacts of Vitamin D. While rdas have actually just recently been published for Vitamin D, it is likewise evident that there is a substantial space in between these recommendations and the authentic Vitamin D consumption and Vitamin D status in the basic population. Health professionals and public health authorities are, therefore, motivated to put even more emphasis on combating Vitamin D deficiency. Prospective techniques consist of food stronghold for the basic population, Vitamin D supplementation in at-risk people such as the elderly, and by advocating lifestyle modifications such as outdoor exercise for the avoidance of weight problems with mindful and well balanced sunshine direct exposure, and a healthy diet. Though, in addition, studies created to figure out the most ideal and efficient methods in achieving a physiologic and healthy Vitamin D status are urgently needed. (11 ).

References

1. Https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vitamin-d
2. Https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/vitamin-d
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279708003190
4. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vitamin_d#mechanism_of_action
5. Https://www.health.com/nutrition/vitamins-supplements/vitamin-d-benefits
6. Https://blog.theralogix.com/vitamin-d-benefits-for-men/
7. Https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322602#side-effects
8. Https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-929/vitamin-d
9. Https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-d/art-20363792
10. Https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_vitamin-d/drugs-condition.htm
11. Https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/35/2/1161